B1 – Introduction to Autodesk Maya & original Genr8 plugin.

Autodesk Maya is indeed designed to be an open and extensible product. The Maya® Software Development Kit (SDK) contains a rich set of facilities that can help you add new functionality to the Maya software. The SDK includes a C++ API called the Maya API that provides functionality for querying and changing the Maya model along with the ability to add new Maya objects to the Maya model. The scripting languages MEL and Python are key to Maya being open and extensible. I will focus here on MEL and the Maya C++ API for the purpose of extending the functionality of Maya. During the design of Maya, the C++ API was built in to maximize its extensibility. In fact , on Windows, you can launch Maya directly from the Microsoft® Visual Studio® development system and debug the plug-in as you would any other Windows application.

At the lowest level, Maya is a very efficient database for storing graphical information. Databases are extremely efficient in general when storing, querying and producing data quickly. This particular database is represented by the Dependency Graph (DG). Information in the DG is stored in objects called nodes. Nodes have properties called attributes that store the configurable characteristics of each node. Similar types of attributes can be connected together, letting data flow from one node to another. On the abstracted layer that is the API and where you have access to Mayas Dependency Graph, you work with objects and function sets to access these internal nodes. Objects are very lightweight classes that provide RTTI (Run Time Type Identification) and can be used in a type-less manner. A function set is a user owned structure that allows operations on Maya owned objects. Since an object is simply a handle that knows its type, a function set provides you with a tool that acts upon objects of the right type. These function sets usually have names that match the Maya features, such as MFnSkinCluster and MfnNurbsSurface. For example, the MFnSkinCluster class can be instantiated with an object of type kSkinCluster, and subsequently can be used to perform operations on that object. The object itself is not able to perform any functions without the aid of its function set. I am already assuming some background knowledge on the part of the reader here, but I leave a documentation reference to the Autodesk Maya API here.

In C++ you work with functions and objects in the same classes, but here we have to consider how the dependency graph works when designing something like a plug- in. Functions and data are separated in Maya. For further description of this follow the upcoming blogs, or click here.

For now this is a introduction into the technicalities of the Maya API. I will continue in the next Articles on a more detailed description of how the C++ API works, and how you can introduce your own functionality into the Maya Dependency Graph, and make your own virtual tools for 3d design.

Now on to the plug – in itself, which needs a bit more explanation.

The original GENR8 plugin is a surface modeling tool that simulates organic growth of surfaces in an
environment. The creator  found map Lindenmayer-systems to be a suitable model for this kind of growth. Aristid Lindenmayer was a biologist who made the L -systems for describing growth of plants. But computers work with numbers and character strings, so the field of grammars and grammatical evolution became an essential part of the process, in addition to evolutionary algorithms, who have been used traditionally for computer optimization problems. The plugin, working in sync with Autodesk Maya 3d software can be seen working in the following diagrammatical way :

This does not take into account the Autodesk Maya environment however, but we will get back to that.
To use L – Systems they had to be mapped to three dimensions, and environmental factors were added.  The important thing to note for now is that you have a seed or a genome which is defined as an integer string, and you have a grammar of word strings and rules that work on that Integer string. The rules, in accordance with the diagram, govern how the grammar works the string – The end result is the surface. Suffice to say the methods involved are well known in science. The way Lindenmayer combined them and the way in which the Genr8 plug – in uses them are nevertheless more unusual, as they involve the cross discipline factor.

For general updating of your personal knowledge- base, I would consider these links:

http://www.cplusplus.com/  – Catch up on your C++

http://www.davidgould.com/Books/CMP1/index.html  – Complete Maya Programming, with descriptions of MEL, C++API, Maya Classes and everything else you would need to know.

For info about the original Genr8 plugin and my personal development of it, also see the dedicated webpage  http://www.evolvedtools.com/Genr8Page.html on my personal website.

B2 – Assembling, Compiling & Analyzing the plugin.

Ok, so last technical blog post( B1), set out to describe the software that is actually going to perform the main 3 – dimensional tasks in Autodesk Maya. That was the “what”.

Now it is over to the “how”. I have assembled the source files for the original  plugin. I then set up the Visual studio environment using the project property settings I learned from  MayaPluginWizard, which is available from here. I  tweaked them a bit to be able to compile the .mll Plugin – file. Here’s how( I am linking to my own website here for a somewhat more lengthy introduction : Compile. This step can take some time but I am moving on to the Visualization of the code, since compiling will always yield different challenges for people on different hardware and software.

So, the end of this post starts to visualize the source code of Genr8 and its dependencies. Click here to view dependency graph generated in Visual studio from the solution of the debug compile of the code.( If using Firefox make sure to open with… internet explorer -IF you do not have a working xml-plugin for your Firefox version).

Also, to supplement this, it is a good idea to start mentally visualizing the hierarchy of the classes, and also its members. A non –  expanded class diagram and also an expanded version provided here. To get down to the gritty part of cataloging and appreciating the code, I have made an interactive model for showcasing the exact source code files of the original plugin.

B3 – Tools for an L-System – Matrices & The Turtle.

L-systems are the basis for generation in these studies of alternative methods for Architectural creativity. They are made up of many processes and procedures and in this case they mimic the growth of plants .

For the development of structures from axioms, which are the hypothetical “seed of the plant” we rely on abstracted processes. One abstraction used for interpreting code into virtual structure has been named a “turtle”. Imagine as an example  such a being moving freely in no-gravity virtual space , and making graphical notation of the path that it walks. The turtle both rotates to obtain a new direction and  moves forwards( or backwards, left or right), but for now  I will focus on the rotation, since it can be discussed somewhat free of L-Systems in general.

The rotation matrices for the rotation of the 3D turtle come in a form like this:

Here the angle is parameter and the RU is the TURN LEFT or TURN RIGHT of the turtle(LEFT=+, RIGHT = -). Also, there are symbols used for pitch, roll and turn-around: The RL is the PITCH of the turtle( & = pitch down , ^ = pitch up). The RH is the ROLL of the turtle(\ = roll left, /= roll right) and The TURN – around turtle( | = Turn-around(RU(180))).

The symbols inside the matrices are not to be confused with the symbols for the turtle movement. The

“-” inside the matrix means “minus”, while the turtle – symbol “-” means TURN RIGHT.

The way they work is that , for RU, the theoretical “x” axis remains as zero value, while left and right are calculated as values of cos(angle) and sin(angle) .

For RL, the pitch is calculated nearly the same, if you consider the UP and DOWN simply as another version of LEFT and RIGHT.

For RH, the calculation can be thought of as pitching the turtle 90 degrees, and then applying the RU matrix, just done all in the RH – matrix.

Of course this is just one set of notations out of many possible.

Going further into the math of the matrices:

The above mentioned matrices calculate states of a turtle, and this turtle in turn makes moves of a certain set distance . But how are the matrices calculated ?Well, first of all in computer Graphics we are dealing with the viewpoint in addition to the three dimensions, so what are we doing when we are playing with 3D software on the screen? Without giving it much thought we are actually constantly producing calculations of lengths and angles using trigonometry.

Consider rotating a 2D point (x,y) around the origin of a coordinate system by 90 degrees:

You would be given a matrix such as the one above. The new point (x’,y’) would be calculated by a matrix following the logic below. 

or with circle trigonometry:

What you are seeing here is like saying :

• Take the ratio between the opposite side and the hypotenuse in a hypothetical “right triangle” according to your coordinate system and multiply it by the original x coordinate.(Call this SumA) Then take the negative value of the ratio between opposite side and hypotenuse and multiply it by the y coordinate(Call this SumB). The last value in the row is a zero so you basically calculate 0x1 here. (Following matrix calculation rules).
• Lastly add SumA+SumB to get the new x – coordinate, x’.
• Do the same with the last two rows, keeping in mind what it is you are actually doing.( How you actually are finding the new coordinates).

When you are finished you should be left with the new point (x’,y’) rotated 90 degrees counter-clockwise about the origin.

To rotate a point around another point , you could use the matrix beneath. Of course in 3D we rotate about an axis.

This is then extended to 3 dimensions by adding another row and another column, like you see here where the rotation is around the x- axis:

Going back to the top of the post, what you are seeing are the matrices that calculate rotation for the three different axis x,y,z.

• roll being the angle of rotation about the z -axis

• pitchis the angle of rotation about the x -axis

• yaw is the angle of rotation about the y-axis.

All these can be combined into one matrix, together with a translate matrix(Move etc..) to make operations more effective. But first a note about axis terms. Remember that there will be difficulties if you mix right-handed and left-handed systems or which axis is up , when you program for a API. In Autodesk Maya, the default up – axis is ‘y’ and the coordinate system is right- handed by default.

So consider now translating and rotating a point into a new point:

                                                                                                           What you see here is a rotation about an axis parallel with the z- axis.

What we will continue to explore is the way in which this relates to L-System notation. The reason I find it extremely important to describe this process in full is twofold.

• We are used to describing creative work as if it came from out of the blue. This is a myth and a hindrance for most people, because when you get stuck at some point in the creative process it makes it almost impossible to get back on track. I want to make a comprehensive record of both the creative process and the “magic” behind it.
• In order to fully appreciate the designs that will be described in upcoming blog posts, it is important to explain the paths that lead there and the nuances that can make all the difference in a generative system.

The ways in which these matrices work may not be so obvious at first but they are extremely important, also when considering a creative perspective as an architectural designer.

Here I have just explained how a “turtle” in Turtle Graphics calculates how to rotate , through matrices. But the turtle also moves according to strings of letters in words – As in components of an L-system. This will be the subject of the next blog. The reason I start with matrices is that they are the technical foundation upon which you construct objects in a software like Autodesk Maya. Without knowledge of them you are simply lost..

Last time(Blog b2) I generated some diagrams of the software that is Genr8. Now It is time for some scrutiny of the elements of L-Systems and how they fit into that software

Keeping to the ‘A’ and ‘B’ parts of my blog I will here locate the files containing declarations and definitions of matrices in the Genr8 plugin, and later on I will find how it fits in the assembly of a generated object in Autodesk Maya.

First of all I need to find the files that are relevant for obtaining the necessary info on its dependencies, its inheritance, etc… In other words I have to start using the Diagrams that I generated for the last blogs(A2,B2).

In the case of the Genr8 plugin we are looking at Euler – rotations, which are rotations about the x,y and z axes that we are used to.

In the general project outline below ( Dependency diagram) you can see the mtransformationmatrix.h file encircled:

The next image shows files that are directly dependent on it, and the files which it is dependent on.

The purple nodes represent header files for Mvector and Mglobal, and they both include the MtransformationMatrix.h. Looking at the blue nodes, they represent Mstatus and Mtypes. A lot of these files are co – dependent, that is they include each other.

Now that we know what files are working together in this direct – relationship dependency, we can have a look at the code. Working with Visual studio this is never further than a click away.

Due to copyright laws this article can not reproduce the source code for the files. You can find them in the autodesk/maya/Include -folder.

MStatus:

The class takes care of error handling in the API.

MTypes:

File concerns version of Maya and consequently the version of plugin

MVector:

Provides access to Maya’s internal vector math library allowing vectors to be handled easily, and in a way compatible with internal Maya data structures.

MGlobal:

Provides methods for selection, 3D-views, time, model manipulation and MEL commands.

MGlobal is a static class which provides access to Maya’s model (3d graphical database). MGlobal provides methods for selection, 3d-views, setting the global time, adding to the DAG, and executing MEL commands from within the API. There are multiple methods provided in this class for executing MEL within the API. Plug-ins requiring the execution of MEL from the non-main Maya thread must use the executeCommandOnIdle() method to avoid program errors. MGlobal also provides methods for controlling error logging in the API.

MtransformationMatrix:(Linked PDF)

Now that we have a description of the headers, it is a good idea to look at the relationship between them.Making a diagram of the direct include dependency of these header files can look like this:

The arrows show which files depend on others directly.

Like I have described in the A3 blog post I will go on to look at the Lsystem, with its effect on the turtle and consequently generation of objects, but first cross- language issues have to be dealt with and understood.

Looking at our dependency diagram again; We can see that choosing incoming nodes shows us a first glimpse of the files dependent on our matrix – operations.

From the project files these are:

PolygonSurface.cpp, NurbsSurface.cpp,cmd.cpp, MelUtilities.h and Scaffold.cpp.

From the C/C++ Standard Library;

math.h

From the maya/include – library;

Mobject, Mstring, MvectorArray, MfnMesh, Mpoint, MfnNurbsSurface, MintArray, Mselectionmask and MstringArray. 

Files are often interdependent of course but what we are looking for here is the usage of the transformation/translation matrices.

The interesting files are first of all the program – defined source files. It seems though that to appreciate the complexity of this code we will have to find a way to graph the calling of functions. That entails debbugging with tracing of function calls. The ways in which this could be done are quite a few, but I have already touched upon how I plan to do it. In addition I will show in detail how that is done.

So I am pondering on how to understand how the Genr8 plug-in works. But parallel to this I have to be able to work with the plug-in in the environment it was meant for, namely Autodesk Maya. Therefore, it is time to investigate what this piece of software actually does and how plug-ins are implemented in the Maya software.

First I must say( If not said before) that the main reason for choosing Autodesk Maya as 3D software was because of its flexibility and therein its possibility for extension.
If you are able to download one of the Genr8 plug-in executables from my website or any other place, you are probably able to run it. I am assuming a bit more than that though as I have already looked at compiling AND/or running the plug-in , so now we are moving on to the language implementation through the application programming interface(API), and how different computational tasks are handled in Autodesk Maya.
In Maya you can have a lot of control over the development of your 3d environment. Through nodes that represent functions or data you can interconnect however you see fit all the components of your development, or your software environment for that matter, and include new features to Maya if it doesn’t provide the functionality you want out – of – the – box. But there are restrictions as always in how you can implement either outside components or local material.

Remember that you are always working on an abstracted layer above the core of the Maya software. The designers of a commercial product would never let you take their software and turn it into something else while keeping their logo, so to speak. This is a good thing, because :
1) You would ruin or corrupt the software at some point for sure because of sheer complexity. There is no point in totally redesigning a perfectly good piece of software, so reap the benefits of what others have done for you.
2) It is easier to experiment with the software and resetting when/ if you are done.

There are restrictions in the API in that there is a translation between different computer languages, namely C++, the way that object oriented language “objects” are handled in Maya, and finally how actions are implemented in the environment of Maya that we know as The graphical user interface(GUI).

As a side note, the  original author of Genr8 programmed the plugin so as to use Maya functions as little as possible. This was done to make the code more easily portable, but also because he was a C++ programmer and less familiar with the Autodesk Maya environment.

Just about everything that happens in Maya shows up in the Dependency Graph, which is a graphed presentation of the Maya database, through basic building blocks  and the interaction that happens. The basic building blocks of Maya are represented as nodes -These are abstracted as rectangles that theoretically consist of everything needed to perform a task( Like black boxes). Small task or large, these nodes have the properties of input and output, and can be connected as a programmer sees fit to make an Autodesk Maya scene. Maya is based on C++ so inside these nodes theoretically you can implement code for calculating any computer task performable by your system and Maya software, but here also there are restrictions.

In C++ you generally mix data with functions that work on that data, in classes or structures. Maya separates data from functionality, or operations on data. That is , the only prerequisite for a node operation in Maya would be some piece of data to start with, operations on that data and finally a modified piece of data as a result.  This is a design strategy based on the notion of flexibility, but also pretty rational if you take time to consider it. C++ is after all a multi purpose programming language. Autodesk Maya is a 3d design spesific environment. Ultimately you would like to add new features and functionality without needing to touch any of the existing modules, or nodes. (You would like the functionality to be there already, as much as possible). You would also like to change the functionality or interface in a given module without having to manually update all the dependent modules. So to change a 3d surface for example you would have a network of functionality nodes working on that surface data – node, and as a result – out of the other end of the “pipeline” comes a new modified surface. Considering this aspect, every node in a network has an input(data), an output(data) and a compute(operations on data). The way that the so called push-pull database model works in Maya is to update the node -dependent parts of the Dependency graph, and thereby the database, each time a change is made to a node.

Here is a network of nodes showing something like a modified Nurbs – sphere. This would normally be thought of like 1 piece of data. For flexibility, in Maya this is how the data actually is handled and which gives you as a developer much more control. The image shows the Hypergraph which is a visualization of the Dependency Graph. The important thing about this schematic at this point is the notion and layout of nodes in general.

Everything you implement through the Maya C++ API has to be compiled before it is run. Maya embedded language (MEL) is a scripted language and therefore more suited for rapid prototyping. Make sure to appreciate the difference of making a script versus making a plug-in – and why.

So there you have some basic information on how the Maya model handles the 3d environment that you actually work in. I hope therefore it will come as no surprise when I start to delve into C++ Maya API implementations without too much warning, although I will give notice as I do so. Going through the plug-in structure combining the following in parallel seems like the only really comprehensive way of describing my way to what is finally my goal : The construction, through “artificial growth”, of  an architectural structure.
– C++ source code
– Programming through the API
– Implementation in Maya
– Plugin – in behavior

Sure, you have the L-system inference problem wherein you cannot know the outcome of your evolutions, but I really don’t see that as a problem because in Architecture you have such a strict system of manual censorship and critique. And by all means, in the case of a prototype that censorship would be absolutely necessary.  Still the benefits for creative aspects of such evolution seem incredible to say the least.

SO……
Earlier in this posting I talked about starting with the transformation and translation matrices – That means those matrices that rotate and rotate elements. I am now expanding this to include the direct source files who trigger these. By expanding like that I move one set of peripherals into main focus, and get another set of peripherals so that I can start to form a perspective.

It seems there are two classes who handle the matrix operations in Autodesk Maya.
– MGlobal
It provides methods for selection, viewing and manipulation of the modelling(3d graphical database) + MEL commands. There are multiple methods provided here for executing MEL commands from the API. Also includes methods for controlling error logging from the API.
– Mvector
This class provides access to Maya’s internal vector math library allowing vectors to be handled easily, and in a manner compatible with Maya data structures.

Now it is easy to use the UML diagrams created in Visual studio to branch out, and we see that
PolygonSurface.cpp and NurbsSurface.cpp make use of  mvector. There are no big surprises there and that’s the way it should be, everything stacking up in a logical virtual hierarchy. That doesn’t mean this is not a necessary process though. Without these schematics it would be impossible for most people to decipher the source code is my guess.
So to use true and trusted methods I will go ahead with the method of divide and conquer. This means that the way forward can be seen as splitting the plug-in up into different functional pieces, testing them for output and mechanisms of design, and evaluating from there on. At the same time what is interesting here is how c++ classes translate into Maya classes through the API.

The files mentioned above have been picked for a reason, but I would also like to find the classes and functions that actually operate on the axiom(Genome – the seed of the generated structure), seen in the broad context that these actually use the axiom  as input to develop geometric surfaces in Autodesk Maya. As you can see below we can start singling out groups of classes easily through the UML diagrams:

– Field – Base class for the classes describing outside forces working on the structure.
Within it we have:
.Gravity
.Attractor
.Boundary
.Vertex

But with just knowledge of C++ language syntax most people would get stuck in an endless interpretation of single – file code. So we move on to what we promised last time( Blog B3) which was the function call hierachy in Microsoft Visual Studio, and also examining MEL output from the plug-in functions.
This means that we can start to see the big picture, as we can now know the functionality that binds the source files and the classes together. Some may argue that this is starting to look like analysis paralysis, but I am absolutely aware of this, and it is absolutely necessary to go through these steps.
Just a side note on C++ application development:
Since we are talking about redeveloping a present C++ program here, I am not starting by using CRC cards or similar as you maybe would in the creative process of designing from scratch. Neither do I have to construct my own UML diagrams as such, because I can generate them from existing code.  The value in using this kind of generated UML material can to a great extent already be found in just accessing dependency – and class -diagrams produced from the base model of the plug-in source code.

Commencing with the call hierarchies, there are 3 cases which I personally am interested in as a start:

The classes that we have identified through the headers and implementation files through the recent posts.
– From the project files these are:
PolygonSurface.cpp(PolygonSurface.h), NurbsSurface.cpp(NurbsSurface.h),cmd.cpp(vector.h, world.h, melutilities.h, sentence.h, word.h, nonTerminal.h ), and     Scaffold.cpp(sentence.h, word.h, edge.h, predecessor.h , successor.h, axiom.h, rewriterule.h, bnf.h, melutilities.h, world.h, scaffold.h).
– From the C/C++ Standard Library;
math.h ( I want to see how certain calculations are being done)
– From the maya/include – library;
Mobject, Mstring, MvectorArray, MfnMesh, Mpoint, MfnNurbsSurface, MintArray,     Mselectionmask , MstringArray , Mglobal and Mvector.

– cmd.cpp issues commands in Autodesk Maya, and as is the virtual function  a lens through which   to view applications in C++, the cmd.cpp is the file through which to gain knowledge of implementation in Maya through MEL(Maya Embedded language). Both through attaching the visual studio application to the Autodesk environment and the Genr8 plugin in it, and through running sequences of functions through the API and to see results in MEL – In these ways I can really start to see what is going on.

– Which brings us to Virtual functions. Just by looking at the earlier diagrams we can see how they dictate the graphed structure of the application. Nevertheless, we can not blindly believe pure inheritance is been followed, and indeed composition is also used. This we will see clearer through the sequence diagrams.

– According to the environment factors of the plug-in we can see that a lot of files are somewhat decoupled from the growth of the L-System itself, but we will have to see how they interact. Force.cpp (force.h) hold base class declarations and definitions for functionality that makes the system  context-sensitive  in terms of L-systems. You can start to see a complex relationship as you consider that that the Field class as displayed above is parent class for all classes that use some kind of force acting on the system, while at the same time the force class keeps track of it.

I have settled on a way to decipher certain functionality by rewriting and recompiling the plug-in, through Microsoft Visual Studio 2012, for Autodesk Maya version 2013. I will go through writing the cmd.cpp – file first, the file that issues MEL scripting commands in Maya and through which all functionality can be traced, both to – and from. I will then use the “function call hierarchy” in visual studio on the old source code for seeing the full extent of what is happening where and when, and produce examples and tests along the way in the C – posts of this blog. This is for the purpose of visualizing.

B4 – Forwards, back, left, right, up and down.

……Or, the complexities of developing the geometry and parametric  properties of a self- evolving 2d Architectural design. Because keep in mind that although we are guiding the system here we are not DIRECTLY drawing the solution out on paper. We are in fact leaving a lot of the organizing ,calculation and discrimination to the system.

As the title indicates, it is indeed difficult for a designer or artist to find out exactly what makes a “viable Architectural concept”. And believe me when I say that this creative difficulty is something on the mind of most Architects on a regular basis. When it comes down to it, most people credit their ideas to a few different aspects but by far most people accredit their solution to an intuitive idea about the right concept in relation to a geographical, cultural or topological location.

Specifically I propose something that while it can not be said to be entirely different, can be said to introduce something new into the paradigm of Architectural Design.

This post is technical, and will introduce a lot of concepts that are not trivial.  As described the B- types of blog posts WILL be technical, and so I will use ( and make reference to) a lot of software and specialized terminology. In parallel with displaying the process of my work I will here also display my technical endeavors, including web site, server and database functionality. This is because those are parts of my chosen expression, and because I believe in the temporary properties of digital data, this being a process- based blog.  Feel free to jump back and forth between technical descriptions while reading as concepts can to a certain degree be enjoyed as autonomous exercises. (They were for me…).

Trying to find a rational starting point I propose finding the general specifics, the averages, of successful floor plans used in successful high- rises.  I propose using these for fitness approximations for my own evolutions. My approach is based on combining the traits of “successful” solutions in floor plans in high – rises and putting a value on the traits that make them highly valued. This kind of fitness – ranking can be traced back to the research and literature of Rosenman, Gero & Schnier.(Sources)  On the home pages of  the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat there is a list of the tallest office high rises as of today.  I will mainly base my early work on these projects although not all of these 100 will make up my average, as some of these buildings do not conform to the “one- body” restriction that I have chosen for my project. ( The building should be a single free- standing Architectural structure. This is for simplicity).

The elevators and the placement of them are examples of the traits that carry over from project to project. The spine of the building, they are usually situated in the middle of the building and make up the core structurally. Traditionally this is the case and it frees up space for the outer parts of the building. You could argue that this solution is sound both structurally and in regard to space layout planning and access to sunlight. This is a good example of the traits I talk about in former post when I propose superimposing all the high- rise plan drawings upon each other.  Why ? Because they make for good averages/generalizations of what is out there in the built environment today, and the public and formal precedents that implicitly follow. If the perimeter of the buildings are roughly the same within city blocks and there are only small deviations in the plan layouts – what are the factors that account for the differences in high- rise building design ?   The city block is one parameter, but there are more.  In fact it is only the beginning.  A beginning that will be a general starting point for evolving a large number of floor plans and from there, high rise proposals for an eventual manual evaluation.

It is very important here to clarify the connection between the heuristic approach of manually choosing and working with a certain set of floor plans and the fitness functions for the plan drawing generation. The whole point here is to make the computer focus in a manner similar to the human mind, while at the same making use of the extreme calculating advantage that “it” has.  The way humans do that is by narrowing the field of interest like I am proposing here, while still trying to keep their options open to be creative. So using historical “successes” should be seen in the heuristic context and as an alibi for shrinking down the universe of possible solutions to a problem. Using Formal grammar language notation within the realm of evolutionary computation, simple plan elements or whole floor plans carry over and interpret into basic and evolved genes that can be used as fitness approximations and comparisons to my stochastically-populated individuals. (I do not use the word “random” here as it would be somewhat incorrect. While people in general would appreciate the value of the word, random entails selection of entities without prejudice. Stochastic selection holds traits of darwinian evolution, where certain entities are fitter and more prone to be chosen for selection). The way I will secure success in this process is by making “successful” existing floor plan drawings the targets for my evolution. If I can manage to reproduce them efficiently  it stands to reason that I could thereby optimize them, approximate them mathematically and develop them further, by the hand of their own creators so to speak.  How do we make sure that what we are producing are in fact valuable results ? Like I have mentioned above, one way is by heuristics;  our common evaluation of what has already been accepted as successful, and indeed been built and used.

I introduce the idea here of shapes that are also aware of their placement within a perimeter of a city block or a floor plan.This is done in 3d software by using vertices or vectors. programmaticaly you use pointers between shapes/elements so that they can relate within a coordinate system. You move around the vertices as a point cloud and keep track of how they are connected using segments.

By trying to evolve copies of the generalized floor plans in as few generations as possible. (Think of the generations as concentric circles), you can optimize the evolutionary search according to the design problem. After some optimization is done we can then try to develop beyond the floor plan we had set as target, and see what comes from this. It is maybe easy to digress here but I will keep that digression to a minimum and propose something for later – namely that WHEN we later indeed move into 3 dimensional space we will be parameterizing in accordance to the 2dimensional evolution – that is for each time we evolve the plan, the elevation will change accordingly. Later I will start Introducing  built High rise Projects in short, then their floor plans and their main plan/ elevation – elements. Then I will  compare floor plans and their components. For now I include the idea so that the concept is somewhat more tangible.

What I want to do then in essence, is to develop a grammar that can take simple graphical elements like combined line segments and evolve them into my chosen floor plans, in as few steps as possible. Looking at the next animation, a way to visualize the development process I am talking about, can be seen. We start off with the simplest of right- angled elements , using simple grammar to develop. When we then hit “jackpot” with the completion of a heuristically chosen, successful “gene”( Floor plan element), that evolved gene is picked up “automatically” and brought into the next generation. The automation has to be programmed as a parallel running process of course, operating in between the generations of individuals(Populations).  You can see the generations as different animations on the dial, and you can also see how the search spaces( numbered) are restructured for each generation. The search spaces are visualized here as concentric circles, moving from the start to the finish. While it takes a lot of generations to find the evolved gene in the first animation, the same result is produced much earlier after the “evolved genes” are detected. Like “unbreakable” chromosomes or atoms they retain their properties through evolution and make the search spaces and calculations smaller and simpler. You can clearly see below how simple notations can evolve into sophisticated ones. These are well known concepts from genetics which have been carried over into computation and “artificial life”. (Click the black space).

 

I would like to introduce also the operations of the Genr8 plugin, the  software plugin introduced into Autodesk Maya 3d software through the C++ Application Programming Interface. The way in which I introduce it is by comparing its strategic and geometric calculations to those in genetics, and I go on to introduce these calculations and their significance into the realm of architecture. This is an extremely important point to make, because of the scientific significance that the work  by the likes of A.Lindenmayer, Rosenman, Gero & Schnier.( lit. reference)  have had on cross- professional studies. Growth of cells, plants and individuals in nature has influenced many an artist, as well as professionals in different sciences. What we are seeing in addition now however is the bilateral communication and exchange of knowledge between natural sciences like genetics, and the artificial environment of evolutionary computing(EC) and genetic algorithms(GA).

The way I move forward now is to describe geometric operations mathematically and their presentation within the C++ programming language.

By way of explaining what kind of synthetic construct I am trying to build here I re- present a class diagram from earlier posts, although now a bit more detailed.

 

G8Full

An object in this system is instantiated in the World class. It is in essence well described by this word, but I will explain it here as it brings together all the elements of the L-Systems, how they are developed, and how Autodesk Maya represents the surfaces generated by these constructs. Scaffold is a big C++ class that handles the internal model of the surface being generated by the plugin. The internal model is basically a graph data structure, although a bit more complicated.  It works like this:

The grammar operates on geometric segments(geometric curves or parts of curves), so you need to keep track of those segments to be able to apply the evolutionary productions. The parser(A parser is a software component that takes input data (frequently text) and builds a data structure – often some kind of parse tree, abstract syntax tree or other hierarchical structure – giving a structural representation of the input, checking for correct syntax in the process), uses a syntax similar to that used in a makefile for a programming language make build automation tool.

Getting to the point – I am making a connection between these kind of grammars, Turtle Graphics that I described in blog post B3 and lastly the development of basic algorithms for evolutionary systems. The whole idea here is to identify “genes”(decoded as turtle graphics movement described by grammars) that can be used to evolve floor- plan elements for high rises, and in turn be parameters for elevation into the third dimension. One of the special features of the human intelligence is the ability to focus. What this means is that the human mind focuses and refocuses as if to be able to search large “spaces” of solutions and find essential elements. Naturally Artificial Intelligence would want to do the same.  The big difference being that the machine would potentially be able to do the pure calculating operations a lot faster. Rosenman, Gero and Schnier & Sivanandam & Deepa(2007) have theorized this in the  cross- disciplinary  domain of Architectural Design and genetics. There are differences in the notations of natural evolution genetics and Genetic Algorithms of course;

– The Chromosome in natural evolution is replaced in Evolutionary computation and Genetic Algorithms by the computer language bit string.
– The Gene is represented by the feature or character.
– The Allele is represented by the value of the feature.
– The locus is represented by the position of the string.
– The Genotype is represented by the structure or coded string.
– The Phenotype is represented by the parameter set/decoded structure.

My way of singling out “evolved genes” is not heuristic, but it singles out these genes by using heuristically developed fitness functions. I use more or less common sense to identify shapes that reoccur when superimposing large amounts of high rise floor plans upon each other. Starting with this form of case- based design, the process will be automated soon enough as the only interest in this manual enterprise is to find a sort of common ground upon which most people will have to agree. That common ground represents the floor plan elements that  have indeed been developed and evolved by designers during the last centuries. As such my ideas are not radical. Speaking then in terms of  genes, a genotype can be expressed in turtle graphic notation as a simple directed line/simple combination of directed lines, in geometrical space, and a phenotype can be described as its potential successor. A floor plan can indeed hold many of these.

As I have touched upon earlier and as you can clearly imagine from the drawing above, some elements in a floor plan like this stand out pretty clearly. You would have no problem imagining the simple description of e.g the elevator shafts as a quadratic element of its own.

So manually identifying some of them and decoding them is a form of reverse engineering them for sure. As long as a coherent combination of basic genes is then found to exist in a multitude of Architectural floor plans  then I would personally see that as an exciting angle from which to proceed, in regards to evolving new floor plans. Theorizing, the evolved genes could then be isolated (more/less) as structural elements are  in nature, to make calculations more efficient.

Anything you describe int the real world, when interpreted into a digital environment like a 3d software, most likely has to be described by vertices. For movement in the Autodesk Maya geometrical space we use points, i.e vertices. So the vertices are like a point cloud and we keep track of how they are connected using  segments, like polygons.  The reason I mention this is in  reference to the generation of the surfaces of the original Genr8 Autodesk Maya plugin. My aim is to develop this system further.

 

While the Genr8 plugin makes surfaces of polygons, I want to evolve floor plans as the first step, before using a modified Genr8 plugin to evolve the third dimension.